-ED adjectives. How to pronounce them.
The following -ed words used as adjectives are SURPRISINGLY pronounced with /Id/:
•aged
•blessed
•crooked
•dogged
•learned
•naked
•ragged
•wicked
•wretched
So we say:
•an aged man /Id/
•a blessed nuisance /Id/
•a dogged persistance /Id/
•a learned professor - the professor, who was truly learned /Id/
•a wretched beggar - the beggar was wretched /Id/
However, when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal rules apply and we say:
•he aged quickly /d/
•he blessed me /t/
•they dogged him /d/
•he has learned well /d/ or /t/
-ed endings. Correct or incorrect?
The schwa
Where is the stress?
1.- Use /t/ after unvoiced final sounds
f, k, p s, tʃ (ch), ʃ (sh), θ (th)
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2.- Use /d/ after voiced final sounds.
b, g, ʒ(j), m, n , ŋ, r,ð (th),v,z + vowels
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3.- Use /əd/ after final /d/ and /t/
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look—looked (t) push—pushed (t)
ask –asked (t) watch –watched (t)
help –helped (t) dress –dressed (t)
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sob –sobbed (d) roam –roamed (d)
believe–believed(d) judge–judged (d)
fill –filled (d) enjoy –enjoyed (d)
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** /əd/ adds an extra syllable
need --needed /əd/
wait –waited /əd/
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/t/ marked /markt/
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/d/ hugged /hədgd/
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/ed/ painted /peɪntəd/
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Dish / dished
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Love / loved
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Repeat / repeated
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Like / liked
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Rub / rubbed
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Add / added
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Laugh / laughed
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Call / called
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End / ended
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Stop / stopped
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Study / studied
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Point / pointed
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Mix / mixed
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Stay / stayed
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Present / presented
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Box / boxed
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Marry / married
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Create / Created
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Work / worked
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Continue / continued
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Depend / depended
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Dress / dressed
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Play / played
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Part / parted
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Talk / talked
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Page / paged
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Date / dated
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Watch / watched
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Bug / bugged
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Decide / decided
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Walk / walked
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Believe / believed
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Investigate / investigated
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Fax / faxed
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Enjoy / enjoyed
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Pat / Patted
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Kiss / kissed
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Dream / dreamed
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Wait / waited
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Dance / danced
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Wage / waged
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Ask / asked
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Finish / finished
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The schwa
Short structural words, auxiliary verbs among them, are often completely unstressed.
Mary at least has never pretended she could sing.
In this sentence, the words "at", "has", "she" and "could" are all unstressed, and have weak vowels:
UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES can suffer reduction, usually to
Now you are going to listen to some examples but before check the forms below:
orthography- strong form(s)- weak form(s)
can kan kən, kn̩
could kʊd kəd
have hav əv, v
has haz əz, z
had had əd, d
will wɪl l
shall ʃal ʃəl, ʃl, l
should ʃʊd ʃəd
must mʌst məs, məst
do du: də, d
does dʌz dəz, z
am am əm, m̩
are ɑ: ə
was wɒz wəz
were wɜ: wə
This is kind of, you know, just sort of, I mean, em...
Listen
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What is Word Stress?
In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly.
Let's take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic. Do they sound the same when spoken? No. Because we accentuate (stress) ONE syllable in each word. And it is not always the same syllable. So the shape of each word is different.
This happens in ALL words with 2 or more syllables: TEACHer, JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETera
The syllables that are not stressed are weak or small or quiet. Native speakers of English listen for the STRESSED syllables, not the weak syllables. If you use word stress in your speech, you will instantly and automatically improve your pronunciation and your comprehension.
Try to hear the stress in individual words each time you listen to English - on the radio, or in films for example. Your first step is to HEAR and recognise it. After that, you can USE it!
There are two very important rules about word stress:
- One word, one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. So if you hear two stresses, you have heard two words, not one word.)
- The stress is always on a vowel.
Where is the stress?
SOME TIPS TO IMPROVE YOUR PRONUNCIATION
Always remember that English is not "phonetic". That means that we do not always say a word the same way that we spell it.
Some words can have the same spelling but different pronunciation, for example:
Some words have different spelling but the same pronunciation, for example:
